Antarctic Expeditions Research
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Pre-exploration theories
AntarcticExpeditions 600 BC – 300 BC – Greek Philosophers theorize Spherical Earth with North and South Polar regions.
AntarcticExpeditions 150 AD – Ptolemy published Geographia, which notes Terra Australis Incognita.
Pre-19th century
AntarcticExpeditions 7th century – Ui-te-Rangiora is claimed to have sighted southern ice fields.
AntarcticExpeditions 13th century – Polynesians settle Auckland Islands (50° S)[1][2][3][4]
AntarcticExpeditions 1501–1502 – Gonçalo Coelho and Amerigo Vespucci potentially sail to (52° S)
AntarcticExpeditions 1522 – Juan Sebastián de El Cano – first circumnavigation Fernando de Magallanes discovers Strait of Magellan (54° S)
AntarcticExpeditions 1526 – Francisco de Hoces reportedly blown south from Strait of Magellan to (56° S). He discovers the Drake passage or Mar de Hoces.
AntarcticExpeditions 1578 – Francis Drake claims to have discovered an ocean south of South America and "Elizabeth Island" (57° S)[5]
AntarcticExpeditions 1599 – Dirk Gerritsz – potentially sails to (64° S)
AntarcticExpeditions 1603 – Gabriel de Castilla – potentially sails to (64° S)
AntarcticExpeditions 1615 – Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten first to sail around Cape Horn cross (56° S)
AntarcticExpeditions 1619 – Garcia de Nodal expedition – circumnavigate Tierra del Fuego and discover Diego Ramírez Islands (
AntarcticExpeditions 56°30′S 68°43′W)
AntarcticExpeditions 1643 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia – northerly winds push the expedition as far south as 61°59 S where icebergs were abundant.[6] The expedition disproves beliefs that Isla de los Estados was part of Terra Australis.[6][7][8]
AntarcticExpeditions 1675 – Anthony de la Roché discovers South Georgia (
AntarcticExpeditions 54°15′00″S 36°45′00″W), the first ever land discovered south of the Antarctic Convergence
AntarcticExpeditions 1698–1699 – Edmond Halley sails to (52° S)[9]
AntarcticExpeditions 1720 – George Shelvocke – sails to (61° 30′ S)
AntarcticExpeditions 1739 – Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier – discovers Bouvet Island (
AntarcticExpeditions 54°26′S 3°24′E)
AntarcticExpeditions 1771 – James Cook – HM Bark Endeavour expedition
AntarcticExpeditions 1771–1772 – Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec discovers Kerguelen Islands (
AntarcticExpeditions 49°15′S 69°35′E)
AntarcticExpeditions 1772–1775 – James Cook – sails HMS Resolution crossing Antarctic Circle in January 1773 and December 1773. On 30 January 1774 he reaches 71° 10′ S, his Farthest South, coming within about 120 kilometres (75 mi) of the Antarctic mainland without seeing it.
19th century
Expeditions in Antarctica before the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, 1897
AntarcticExpeditions 1780s to 1839 – American and British whalers and sealers make incidental discoveries.
AntarcticExpeditions 1819 – William Smith discovers South Shetland Islands (
AntarcticExpeditions 62°00′S 58°00′W), the first land discovered south of 60° south latitude.
AntarcticExpeditions 1819 – San Telmo is wrecked in the Drake Passage off Livingston Island.
AntarcticExpeditions 1819–1821 – Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, future Admirals of Russian Imperial Navy, during Russian circumnavigation expedition, on 27 January 1820 were stopped by impassable ice in 95 km (50 nmi) of Princess Martha Coast that later became known as the floating fragments of Fimbul Ice Shelf (
AntarcticExpeditions 69°21′S 2°15′W). Bellingshausen and Lazarev became the first explorers to see and officially discover Alexander Island and Peter I Island in Antarctica in 21–28 January 1821.
AntarcticExpeditions 1820 – Edward Bransfield with William Smith as his pilot – on 30 January 1820, sight Trinity Peninsula (
AntarcticExpeditions 63°37′S 58°20′W).
AntarcticExpeditions 1820 – Nathaniel Palmer sights Antarctica on 17 November 1820
AntarcticExpeditions 1821 – George Powell, a British sealer, and Nathaniel B. Palmer, an American sealer, discover the South Orkney Islands. Powell annexes them for the British.
AntarcticExpeditions 1821 – John Davis – on 7 February 1821 disputed claim of setting foot on Antarctica at Hughes Bay (
AntarcticExpeditions 64°13′S 61°20′W)
AntarcticExpeditions 1823–1824 – James Weddell discovers the Weddell Sea; – on 20 February 1823 his ship Jane (160 tons) reached a new Farthest South of 74° 15′ S (
AntarcticExpeditions 74°15′S 30°12′W)
AntarcticExpeditions 1830–1833 – Southern Ocean Expedition led by John Biscoe, an English sealer; circumnavigates the continent, sets foot on Anvers Island, names and annexes Graham Land, discovers Biscoe Islands, Queen Adelaide Island (
AntarcticExpeditions 67°15′S 68°30′W) and sights Enderby Land (
AntarcticExpeditions 67°30′S 53°0′E)
AntarcticExpeditions 1837–1840 – First French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jules Dumont d'Urville; discovers Adelie Land and sets foot on an islet of Géologie Archipelago (
AntarcticExpeditions 66°36′S 140°4′E) 4 km from the mainland to take mineral and animal samples (66° S)
AntarcticExpeditions 1838–1839 – John Balleny discovers Balleny Islands (
AntarcticExpeditions 66°55′S 163°45′E)
AntarcticExpeditions 1838–1842 – United States Exploring Expedition – led by Charles Wilkes to Antarctic Peninsula (
AntarcticExpeditions 69°30′S 65°00′W) and eastern Antarctica; discovers "Termination Barrier" ("Shackleton Ice Shelf")
AntarcticExpeditions 1839–1843 – James Clark Ross's expedition of 1839 to 1843 discovered the Ross Ice Shelf, Ross Sea, Mount Erebus, Mount Terror and Victoria Land; extended his Farthest South to 78° 10′ S on 23 January 1842
AntarcticExpeditions 1851–1853 – Mercator Cooper landed on what is now known as Oates Coast in what is probably the first adequately documented landing on the mainland of Antarctica.
AntarcticExpeditions 1872–1876 – HMS Challenger under Capt. George S. Nares, becomes the first steamship to cross the Antarctic Circle; reopens the study of oceanography in the region after a 30-year gap.[10]
AntarcticExpeditions 1892–1893 – Carl Anton Larsen led the first Norwegian expedition to Antarctica aboard the ship Jason. Larsen became the first person to ski in Antarctica where the Larsen Ice Shelf was named after him.
AntarcticExpeditions 1892–1893 – Dundee Whaling Expedition discover Dundee Island (
AntarcticExpeditions 63°30′S 55°55′W)
AntarcticExpeditions 1893–1894 – Carl Anton Larsen led the second Norwegian expedition to Antarctica
AntarcticExpeditions 1893–1895 – Henryk Bull, Carstens Borchgrevink and Alexander von Tunzelmann – set foot on Antarctica at Cape Adare
AntarcticExpeditions 1897–1899 – Belgian Antarctic Expedition – led by Adrien de Gerlache; first to winter South of the Antarctic Circle.
AntarcticExpeditions 1898–1900 – Southern Cross Expedition, Carsten Borchgrevink – sails to Cape Adare, winters on Antarctica and takes Farthest South on 16 February 1900 at 78° 50′ S
20th century
AntarcticExpeditions 1901–1904 – Discovery Expedition – led by Robert Falcon Scott, on 30 December 1903, reached (82° 17′S)
AntarcticExpeditions 1902 - First ballon flight over Antarctica by Robert Falcon Scott [11]
AntarcticExpeditions 1901–1903 – Gauss expedition (or First German Antarctic Expedition) – led by Erich von Drygalski
AntarcticExpeditions 1901–1903 – Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by Otto Nordenskjöld with captain Carl Anton Larsen
AntarcticExpeditions 1902–1904 – Scottish National Antarctic Expedition – led by William Speirs Bruce
AntarcticExpeditions 1903–1905 – Second French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
AntarcticExpeditions 1907–1909 – Nimrod Expedition – On 9 January 1909, Ernest Shackleton reached 88° 23 ′S (Farthest South), and on 16 January 1909, Professor Edgeworth David reached the South Magnetic Pole at (
AntarcticExpeditions 72°25′S 155°16′E) (mean position)
AntarcticExpeditions 1908–1910 – Third French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
AntarcticExpeditions 1910–1912 – Japanese Antarctic Expedition – led by Nobu Shirase
AntarcticExpeditions 1910–1912 – Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition – On 14 December 1911, reached the South Pole (90° S)
AntarcticExpeditions 1910–1913 – Terra Nova Expedition – On 17 January 1912, Robert Falcon Scott, reached the South Pole (90° S)
AntarcticExpeditions 1911–1913 – Second German Antarctic Expedition – led by Wilhelm Filchner
AntarcticExpeditions 1911–1914 – Australasian Antarctic Expedition – led by Douglas Mawson
AntarcticExpeditions 1914–1916 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton
AntarcticExpeditions 1914–1917 – Ross Sea Party – led by Aeneas Mackintosh
AntarcticExpeditions 1920–1922 – British Graham Land Expedition – a British expedition to Graham Land led by John Lachlan Cope
AntarcticExpeditions 1921–1922 – Shackleton-Rowett Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton – the last expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
AntarcticExpeditions 1924–1951 – Discovery Investigations
AntarcticExpeditions 1928 - First aeroplane flight over Antarctica by Hubert Wilkins and Carl Ben Eielson [11]
AntarcticExpeditions 1929–1931 – British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) – led by Douglas Mawson
AntarcticExpeditions 1928–1930 – Richard Evelyn Byrd – First expedition
AntarcticExpeditions 1931 – H. Halvorsen – discovered Princess Astrid Coast
AntarcticExpeditions 1931 – Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen – flew over Antarctica, discovered Kronprins Olav Kyst
AntarcticExpeditions 1933–1935 – Richard Evelyn Byrd – Second expedition
AntarcticExpeditions 1933–1939 – Lincoln Ellsworth – Aircraft expedition
AntarcticExpeditions 1934–1937 – British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE) – led by John Riddoch Rymill
AntarcticExpeditions 1936 – Lars Christensen – dropped Norwegian flag over Prince Harald Coast
AntarcticExpeditions 1938 – German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939), (New Swabia claimed for Nazi Germany) – led by Capt. Alfred Ritscher
AntarcticExpeditions 1939–1941 – United States Antarctic Service Expedition – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's third expedition)
AntarcticExpeditions 1943–1945 – Operation Tabarin – led by Lieutenant James Marr
AntarcticExpeditions 1946–1947 – Operation Highjump – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's fourth expedition)
AntarcticExpeditions 1947 – First Chilean Antarctic Expedition
AntarcticExpeditions 1947–1948 – Operation Windmill – led by Commander Gerald Ketchum
AntarcticExpeditions 1947–1948 – Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition – led by Finn Ronne
AntarcticExpeditions 1948–1949 – Fourth French Antarctic Expedition (ship Commandant Charcot) – led by André-Frank Liotard
AntarcticExpeditions 1949–1951 – Fifth French Antarctic Expedition : Port Martin Station established in Adélie Land – led by André-Frank Liotard
AntarcticExpeditions 1949–1952 – Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by John Giaever
AntarcticExpeditions 1950–1952 – Sixth French Antarctic Expedition – led by Michel Barré
AntarcticExpeditions 1951-1953 – Seventh French Antarctic Expedition : Petrel Island Station established in Adélie Land – led by Mario Marret
AntarcticExpeditions 1953 – Esperanza Base established
AntarcticExpeditions 1954 – Mawson Station established
AntarcticExpeditions 1955–1956 – Operation Deep Freeze – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's fifth expedition)
AntarcticExpeditions 1955–1957 – Falkland Island Dependency Aerial Survey led by P G Mott
AntarcticExpeditions 1955–1957 – 1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Mikhail Somov
AntarcticExpeditions 1956 – Dumont d'Urville Station established
AntarcticExpeditions 1956 – Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station established
AntarcticExpeditions 1956 - McMurdo Station established
AntarcticExpeditions 1956–1958 – Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Vivian Fuchs
AntarcticExpeditions 1956–1958 – 2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksei Treshnikov
AntarcticExpeditions 1957–1958 – International Geophysical Year
AntarcticExpeditions 1957–1958 – New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
AntarcticExpeditions 1957 – Scott Base established
AntarcticExpeditions 1957–1958 – Luncke Expedition
AntarcticExpeditions 1957–1959 – 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Yevgeny Tolstikov
AntarcticExpeditions 1958–1959 – New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
AntarcticExpeditions 1958–1960 – 4th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksandr Dralkin
AntarcticExpeditions 1959–1961 – 5th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Yevgeny Korotkevich
AntarcticExpeditions 1960 – South African National Antarctic Expedition
AntarcticExpeditions 1960–1962 – 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Driatsky
AntarcticExpeditions 1961–1963 – 7th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksandr Dralkin
AntarcticExpeditions 1962–1962 – Vostok traverse – led by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE)
AntarcticExpeditions 1962–1963 – New Zealand Federated Mountain Clubs Antarctic Expedition – Led by John M. Millen
AntarcticExpeditions 1962–1964 – 8th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Mikhail Somov
AntarcticExpeditions 1963–1965 – 9th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Mikhail Somov and Pavel Senko
AntarcticExpeditions 1964–1965 – South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse I
AntarcticExpeditions 1964–1966 – 10th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by M. Ostrekin, I. Petrov
AntarcticExpeditions 1965–1966 – South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse II
AntarcticExpeditions 1965–1967 – 11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, Leonid Dubrovin
AntarcticExpeditions 1965–1965 – Operación 90 – Terrestrial Argentine Expedition to the South Pole Led by Coronel D. Jorge Leal.
AntarcticExpeditions 1966–1968 – 12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
AntarcticExpeditions 1966–1967 – New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme Mariner Glacier Northern Party Expedition – led by John E S Lawrence
AntarcticExpeditions 1967–1968 – South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse III
AntarcticExpeditions 1967–1969 – 13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksei Treshnikov
AntarcticExpeditions 1968–1970 – 14th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, Ernst Krenkel
AntarcticExpeditions 1969 – Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva established
AntarcticExpeditions 1969–1970 – New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
AntarcticExpeditions 1969–1971 – 15th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
AntarcticExpeditions 1970–1972 – 16th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by I. Petrov and Yury Tarbeyev
AntarcticExpeditions 1971–1973 – 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Yevgeny Korotkevich, V. Averyanov
AntarcticExpeditions 1972–1974 – 18th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Pavel Senko
AntarcticExpeditions 1973–1975 – 19th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, V. Ignatov
AntarcticExpeditions 1974–1976 – 20th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Serdyukov, N. Kornilov
AntarcticExpeditions 1975–1977 – 21st Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by O. Sedov, G. Bardin
AntarcticExpeditions 1976–1978 – 22nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Tyabin, Leonid Dubrovin
AntarcticExpeditions 1977–1979 – 23rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Serdyukov, O. Sedov
AntarcticExpeditions 1978 – Fortín Sargento Cabral established
AntarcticExpeditions 1978–1980 – 24th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by A. Artemyev, O. Sedov
AntarcticExpeditions 1979 – Air New Zealand Flight 901 – airplane crash
AntarcticExpeditions 1979–1980 – 25th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Kornilov, N. Tyabin
AntarcticExpeditions 1980–1981 – Transglobe Expedition – led by Ranulph Fiennes
AntarcticExpeditions 1980–1982 – 26th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Serdyukov, V. Shamontyev
AntarcticExpeditions 1981–1983 – 27th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, R. Galkin
AntarcticExpeditions 1981–1982 – First Indian Expedition to Antarctica – led by Dr. Sayed Zahoor Qasim
AntarcticExpeditions 1982 – Falkland Islands War
AntarcticExpeditions 1982–1983 – First Brazilian Expedition to Antarctica –
AntarcticExpeditions 1982–1983 – Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica – led by V. K. Raina
AntarcticExpeditions 1982–1984 – 28th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Kornilov, A. Artemyev
AntarcticExpeditions 1984 – Villa Las Estrellas established
AntarcticExpeditions 1983–1985 – 29th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Tyabin, L. Bulatov
AntarcticExpeditions 1983–1985 – Third Indian Expedition to Antarctica
AntarcticExpeditions 1984–1987 – In the Footsteps of Scott – led by Robert Swan
AntarcticExpeditions 1984–1985 – 1st Uruguayan Antarctic Expedition – Antarkos I Led by Lt. Col. Omar Porciúncula
AntarcticExpeditions 1984–1986 – 30th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, R. Galkin
AntarcticExpeditions 1985–1987 – 31st Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Tyabin, V. Dubovtsev
AntarcticExpeditions 1986–1988 – 32nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Klokov, V. Vovk
AntarcticExpeditions 1987 – Iceberg B-9 calves and carries away Little Americas I – III
AntarcticExpeditions 1987–1989 – 33rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N.A. Kornilov, Yu.A. Khabarov
AntarcticExpeditions 1987–1988 – First Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition – St. Kliment Ohridski Base established
AntarcticExpeditions 1988–1990 – 34th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by S.M. Pryamikov, L.V. Bulatov
AntarcticExpeditions 1988–1989 – South Pole Overland. Patriot Hills to South Pole. First commercial Ski expedition to South Pole. 1200 km, 50 days – led by Martyn Williams[12]
AntarcticExpeditions 1989–1990 – Antarctic crossing on foot by Reinhold Messner and Arved Fuchs. 2800 km. 92 days[13]
AntarcticExpeditions 1989–1990 – 1990 International Trans-Antarctica Expedition – led by American Will Steger and Frenchman Jean-Louis Étienne, first un-mechanized crossing – 6,021 km, 220-days[14]
AntarcticExpeditions 1989–1991 – 35th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V.M. Piguzov
AntarcticExpeditions 1990 – 1st North Korean Antarctic Expedition[15]
AntarcticExpeditions 1990 – Snotsicle Traverse Ski expedition – South Pole to Ross Sea inland edge via Scott Glacier. 9 611 km in 35 days– led by Martyn Williams[16]
AntarcticExpeditions 1990–1991 – 2nd North Korean Antarctic Expedition[15]
AntarcticExpeditions 1991–1992 – 36th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Lev Savatyugin
AntarcticExpeditions 1992–1993 – American Women's Antarctic Expedition- AWE. First team of women to ski to the South Pole: Ann Bancroft, Sunniva Sorby, Anne DalVera, Sue Giller- 67 days
AntarcticExpeditions 1992–1993 – British Polar Plod – led by Ranulph Fiennes with Mike Stroud (physician), first unassisted expedition crossing the continent by ski, (2,173 km in 95 days)
AntarcticExpeditions 1992–1993 – Erling Kagge (Norway), first unassisted, and first solo expedition to the South Pole by ski, (1,310 km in 53 days)
AntarcticExpeditions 1992–1993 – Antarctic Environmental Research Expedition – led by Kenji Yoshikawa
AntarcticExpeditions 1994 – Liv Arnesen (Norway), first unassisted woman to the South Pole by ski, (1,200 km in 50 days)
AntarcticExpeditions 1994 – Cato Zahl Pedersen (Norway) becomes the first person with no arms to ski to the South Pole (1400 km from Berkner Island), together with Lars Ebbesen and Odd Harald Hauge
AntarcticExpeditions 1995 – "A Pole at the Poles" – Marek Kamiński solo expedition to the South Pole from Berkner Island (1,400 km in 53 days);
AntarcticExpeditions 1995–1996 – Bernard Voyer and Thierry Pétry unassisted expedition to the South Pole by ski
AntarcticExpeditions 1996 – Lake Vostok discovered
AntarcticExpeditions 1996–1997 – "Solo TransAntarctica" – Marek Kamiński attempted solo crossing of Antarctica (1,450 km);
AntarcticExpeditions 1996–1997 – Børge Ousland (Norway) first person to travel across Antarctica solo. The crossing went from coast to coast, from Berkner Island to the Ross Sea, and was unsupported (without resupplies). He used a kite as traction for parts of the expedition. 63 days, 3,000 km
AntarcticExpeditions 1997–1998 – Peter Treseder, Keith Williams & Ian Brown become the first Australians to ski unsupported (no sail) to the South Geographic Pole, 1317 km in 59 days from Berkner Island, 2Nov-31Dec, flown out by ANI.[17]
AntarcticExpeditions 1998–1999 – Eric Philips, Jon Muir and Peter Hillary pioneer a new route from Ross Island to the South Pole through the Transantarctic Mountains via the Shackleton then Zaneveld glaciers. The expedition covers 1425 km in 84 days setting off 4 November 1998 and arriving 26 January 1999. The team were not able to complete their original objective of completing the first unassisted return journey to the South Pole.
21st century
AntarcticExpeditions 2000–2001– Norwegian Liv Arnesen and the American Ann Bancroft crossed Antarctica on ski-sail from Blue 1 Runaway 13 November reaching after 94 days of expedition McMurdo Station, passing through the South Pole.[18]
AntarcticExpeditions 2001–2002 – First and longest sea kayak expedition by New Zealanders Graham Charles, Marcus Waters and Mark Jones paddle unsupported from Hope Bay to Adelaide Island in 35 days.
AntarcticExpeditions 2004 – Scot100 First ever Scottish Expedition to South Pole[19] began in October 2004 – a century after a historic expedition led by William Speirs Bruce, Edinburgh's "unknown" explorer, who Craig Mathieson views as "truly the greatest polar explorer of all time".
AntarcticExpeditions 2004 – Together to the Pole – a Polish four-man expedition led by Marek Kamiński, with Jan Mela (a teenage double amputee, who in the same year reached also the North Pole)
AntarcticExpeditions 2004–2005 – Chilean South Pole Expedition.
AntarcticExpeditions 2004–2005 – Tangra 2004/05 created Camp Academia.
AntarcticExpeditions 2005 – Ice Challenger Expedition travelled to the South Pole in a six-wheeled vehicle.[20]
AntarcticExpeditions 2005–2006 – Spanish Trans-Antarctic Expedition, led by Ramon Larramendi, reached the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility using kite-sleds.[21]
AntarcticExpeditions 2005-2006 – Construction of the South Pole Traverse completed
AntarcticExpeditions 2006 – Hannah McKeand sets coast-to-pole solo/unsupported record of 39 days, 9 hours and 33 minutes[22]
AntarcticExpeditions 2006–2007 – Jenny and Ray Jardine 57-day ski trek to South Pole[23]
AntarcticExpeditions 2007 – Pat Falvey leads an Irish team to reach the South Pole, skiing 1140 km only weeks after completing an unsupported Ski traverse of the Greenland Ice Cap in August 2007 in honour of Irish Polar Explorers such as Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. Clare O'Leary becomes the first Irish female to reach the South Pole.
AntarcticExpeditions 2007-2008 - First African unsupported and unassisted walk to the South Pole. South Africans Alex Harris and Sibusiso Vilane spent 65 days walking from Hercules Inlet.
AntarcticExpeditions 2007–2008 – Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica.[24]
AntarcticExpeditions 2007–2008 – British Army Antarctic Expedition 2007–2008[25]
AntarcticExpeditions 2007–2008 – Verden Vakreste Skitur. Randi Skaug, Kristin Moe-Krohn and Anne-Mette Nørregaard skied unsupported from Patriot Hills across The Sentinel range to Vinson Massif to climb Mount Vinson[26]
AntarcticExpeditions 2008 – Todd Carmichael sets coast-to-pole solo/unsupported record of 39 days, 7 hours and 49 minutes[27]
AntarcticExpeditions 2008 – First Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
AntarcticExpeditions 2008–2009 – The Antarctica Challenge – Canada-US International Polar Year documentary film production expedition led by Mark Terry.[28]
AntarcticExpeditions 2008–2009 – Impossible 2 Possible (i2P) unsupported South Pole quest by Ray Zahab, Kevin Vallely and Richard Weber.[29]
AntarcticExpeditions 2009 – Azerbaijan Scientific Expedition
AntarcticExpeditions 2009 – Kaspersky Commonwealth Antarctic Expedition, largest and most international group of women to ski to South Pole.
AntarcticExpeditions 2009 – Second Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
AntarcticExpeditions 2009–2010 – Unsupported/Unassisted Antarctica Ski Traverse from Berkner Island to South Pole to Ross Sea by Cecilie Skog and Ryan Waters.
AntarcticExpeditions 2010 – Moon Regan Transantarctic Crossing, first wheeled transantarctic crossing and first bio-fuelled vehicle to travel to the South Pole.[30]
AntarcticExpeditions 2010 – Third Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
AntarcticExpeditions 2011 – Fourth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
AntarcticExpeditions 2011–2012 – From Novolazarevskaya to Pole of Inaccessibility to South Pole to Hercules inlet by Sebastian Copeland and Eric McNair Landry by kites and skis.[31]
AntarcticExpeditions 2011–2012 – Scott Amundsen Centenary Race – Henry Worsley and Louis Rudd ski 1,300 km (800 mi) unsupported along the original route of Amundsen from the Bay of Whales up the Axel Heiberg to the SP racing against Mark Langridge, Vic Vicary and Kev Johnson completing Capt Scott's original route.
AntarcticExpeditions 2011–2012 – British Services Antarctic Expedition 2012[32]
AntarcticExpeditions 2011–2012 – Expedition by Ramon Hernando de Larramendi, by Inuit WindSled.[33]
AntarcticExpeditions 2012 – Felicity Aston becomes the first person to ski alone across Antarctica using only personal muscle power, as well as the first woman to cross Antarctica alone.[34][35] Her journey began on 25 November 2011, at the Leverett Glacier, and continued for 59 days and a distance of 1,744 km (1,084 mi).[36]
AntarcticExpeditions 2012 – Fifth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
AntarcticExpeditions 2012–2013 – Aaron Linsdau becomes the second American to ski solo from the Hercules Inlet to the South Pole. His original plan was to make a round trip but through a series of problems, like all other expeditions this year, was unable to make the return journey.[37]
AntarcticExpeditions 2012 – Eric Larsen attempts a bicycle ride from coast to South Pole. Completes a quarter of the distance.
AntarcticExpeditions 2012 – Grant Korgan becomes the first person with a spinal cord injury to literally "push" himself to the geographic South Pole![38][39][40][41][42]
AntarcticExpeditions 2012–2013 – Shackleton's centenary re-enactment expedition of the journey of the James Caird aboard the replica Alexandra Shackleton. Six British and Australian Explorers completed the "double journey" on 10 February 2013 after the 1,300-kilometre (800 mi) journey from Elephant Island to South Georgia and the mountain crossing.[43]
AntarcticExpeditions 2013 – Sixth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
AntarcticExpeditions 2013–2014 – Ben Saunders and Tarka L'Herpiniere make the first ever completion of the Terra Nova Expedition first taken by Robert Falcon Scott in January 1912. Their 2,898-kilometre (1,801 mi), 105-day return journey to the South Pole is the longest ever polar journey on foot.[44]
AntarcticExpeditions 2013 – Parker Liautaud and Douglas Stoup attempt in December 2013 the Willis Resilience Expedition[45] to set a "coast to Pole" speed record[46] by reaching the geographical South Pole on skis in the fastest journey ever recorded from an interior of continent start while being followed by a support vehicle.
AntarcticExpeditions 2013 – Antony Jinman will walk to the South Pole solo for the 2013 ETE Teachers South Pole Mission, during which he will be in daily contact with schoolchildren from across the United Kingdom and will make films using the world's first drone flights at the South Pole.
AntarcticExpeditions 2013 – Maria Leijerstam becomes the first person to cycle from the Antarctic coast to South Pole. She also set the human powered speed record in 10 days, 14 hours and 56 minutes.
AntarcticExpeditions 2013–2014 – Lewis Clarke (aged 16 years and 61 days) guided by Carl Alvey (aged 30) became the youngest person to trek from the Antarctic coast at Hercules Inlet to the South Pole. His expedition was in support of the Prince's Trust and his achievement is recognised by Guinness World Records.
AntarcticExpeditions 2013–2014 – Married couple Christine (Chris) Fagan and Marty Fagan became the first American married couple (and second married couple in history) to complete a full unguided, unsupported, unassisted ski from the Antarctic coast to the South Pole. They join just over 100 people in history who have traveled to the South Pole in this manner. Their expedition took 48 days. Their achievement is recognized by Guinness World Records.
AntarcticExpeditions 2013–2014 – Daniel P. Burton completes the first bicycle ride from coast to the South Pole.
AntarcticExpeditions 2013–2014 – Chris Turney led an expedition, entitled "Spirit of Mawson", aimed at highlighting the decline in sea ice due to climate change. The expedition was abandoned when its Russian ship became stuck in unusually large amounts of sea ice.
AntarcticExpeditions 2013 – In December 2013 the Expeditions 7 Team led by Scott Brady made a successful east-to-west crossing in four-wheel drive vehicles from Novolazarevskaya to the Ross Ice Shelf via the Scott-Amundsen South Pole Station. Expeditions 7's logistic plan included providing assistance to the Walking With The Wounded expedition, which was required at latitude 88°S. From the Ross Ice Shelf the Expeditions 7 team returned to Novolazarevskaya via the same route.
AntarcticExpeditions 2015–2016 – Luke Robertson (UK) becomes the first Scot – and the first person with an artificial pacemaker – to ski solo, unsupported (no resupply) and unassisted (no kiting) from the coast of Antarctica (Hercules Inlet) to the South Pole.[47]
AntarcticExpeditions 2015–2016 – Henry Worsley died while attempting to complete the first solo and unaided crossing of the Antarctic.[48]
AntarcticExpeditions 2016 – First Homeward Bound expedition, then the largest all-women expedition to Antarctica.[49]
AntarcticExpeditions 2016–2017 – Malgorzata Wojtaczka – 52 years old Polish, after 69 days completes solo-unaided-unsupported expedition from Hercules Inlet to the South Pole.
AntarcticExpeditions 2016–2017 – Spear17, a six-man team from the British Army Reserves successfully completed a full traverse of Antarctica. They set off on 16 November from Hercules Inlet, arrived at the South Pole on Christmas Day, and completed a full traverse reaching Ross Ice Shelf on 20 January 2017. The aim of the expedition was to raise the profile of the army reservists, and to honour the memory of fellow explorer Henry Worsley. The team was led by Captain Louis Rudd, MBE[50][51]
AntarcticExpeditions 2016–2017 – Eric Philips (guide), Keith Tuffley and Rob Smith ski a new route to the South Pole from the Ross Ice Shelf through the Transantarctic Mountains following the Reedy Glacier. The expedition covers 605 km in 33 days setting off 8 December 2017 and arriving 10 January 2017.
AntarcticExpeditions 2016–2017 – On 7 February Mike Horn completes first ever solo, unsupported north-to-south traverse of Antarctica from the Princess Astrid Coast (lat −70.1015 lon 9.8249) to the Dumont D'urville Station (lat −66.6833 lon 139.9167) via the South Pole. He arrived at the pole on 7 February 2017. A total distance of 5100 km was covered utilizing kites and skis in 57 days.[52]
AntarcticExpeditions 2016–2017 – Eric Philips (guide), Heath Jamieson (guide), Jade Hameister, Paul Hameister and Ming D'Arcy ski a new route to the South Pole from the Ross Ice Shelf through the Transantarctic Mountains following the Reedy Glacier then Kansas Glacier. The expedition covers 605 km in 33 days, setting off 6 December 2017 and arriving 11 January 2018.
AntarcticExpeditions 2017–2018 – Astrid Forhold (Norway), supported by Jan Sverre Sivertsen, skies the longest part of the original Roald Amundsen route from Bay of Whales to the South Pole.[citation needed]
AntarcticExpeditions 2018 – Colin O'Brady (USA) completed an unsupported (no resupplies or supply drops) solo crossing of Antarctica (not including the ice shelves). He started inland at the end of the Ronne Ice Shelf on 3 November 2018, passed through the South Pole and arrived inland at the start of the Ross Ice Shelf on 26 December 2018.[53][54][55] Louis Rudd (UK), who started on the same day as Brady and took a similar route, completed his unsupported solo trek two days later, arriving at Ross Ice Shelf on 28 December 2018[56]
AntarcticExpeditions 2018–2019 – On 13 January, Matthieu Tordeur (France) becomes the first French and youngest in the world (27 years and 40 days) to ski solo, unsupported (no resupply) and unassisted (no kiting) from the coast of Antarctica (Hercules Inlet) to the South Pole.[57]
AntarcticExpeditions 2019 – SD 1020, an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) designed by British engineer Richard Jenkins of Saildrone, Inc. in Alameda, CA, completed the first autonomous circumnavigation of Antarctica, sailing 22,000 km (12,000 nmi) through the Southern Ocean in 196 days, from 19 January 2019 to 3 August 2019. The vehicle was deployed and retrieved from Bluff, New Zealand.[58]
AntarcticExpeditions 2019 – The first human-powered transit (by rowing) across the Drake Passage was accomplished on 25 December 2019, by captain Fiann Paul (Iceland), first mate Colin O'Brady (US), Andrew Towne (US), Cameron Bellamy (South Africa), Jamie Douglas-Hamilton (UK) and John Petersen (US).[59]
AntarcticExpeditions 2019–2020 – Anja Blacha completes the longest solo, unsupported, unassisted polar expedition by a woman, skiing from Berkner Island to the South Pole[60][61]
AntarcticExpeditions 2019-2020 Wendy Searle becomes the seventh woman to ski solo unsupported from the Hercules Inlet to the pole [60][62]
AntarcticExpeditions 2019–2020 – Mollie Hughes skied from Hercules Inlet to the pole, travelling 1,130 km (702 mi).[63]
AntarcticExpeditions 2021–2022 – Preet Chandi, a British Sikh army officer, became the first woman of colour to reach the south pole unassisted.[64]
Agreements
AntarcticExpeditions 1959 – Antarctic Treaty System
AntarcticExpeditions 1964 – Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
AntarcticExpeditions 1978 – Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
AntarcticExpeditions 1982 – Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
AntarcticExpeditions 1988 – Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
AntarcticExpeditions 1998 – Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
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